modul sosio in english class x smt 1

CHAPTER I
SOCIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE OF
PUBLIC RELATIONS AND ENVIRONMENT

I. SOCIOLOGY BACKGROUND:
1) 18th century occurred the various social revolutions that swept the world
2) 19th century, Auguste Comte, (book cours de philosophie positive) introduced the term "sociology" as a specific approach to study societies regarded as the "father of sociology"
3) 20th century, the emergence of modern sociology as a result of rapid developments in American society and Canada

II. SOCIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE AND METHODS:
1) Sociology as a science :
Sociology as a science because it is said has cirri as science (characteristic of science: the rational objective, empirical and accumulative)
2) Understanding sociology :
a) Auguste Comte:
Sociology comes from the Latin "socius" meaning friends or community, and "logos" from the Greek word means story or science.
b) Max weber:
Sociology is a science that attempts to understand social actions.
c) Roucek and warren:
In the Sociology is the study of human relationships.
3) Sociological characteristics :
a) Empirical, sociology based on the observation of reality and common sense, so the result is not speculative.
b) Theoretically, sociology always tried to make abstraction of the observed results could explain a causal relationship that it becomes a theory.
c) Cumulative, compiled on the basis of theories that already exist or to improve, expand and strengthen the old theory.
d) Nonetis, the discussion questioned whether the problem is not bad, but rather aims to explain the problem in depth.
4) The position of sociology among other sciences :
a) Seen from the application of: sociology is a science of pure and applied science as well.
b) Viewed from the object:
5) Characteristics and the nature of sociology :
Sociology is a social science, the human study, especially regarding human behavior.
a. Sociology is a social science.
b. Sociology is the science of pure
c. Sociology is a discipline that katagoris
d. Sociology is the science that is not abstract and concrete knowledge
e. Sociology is an empirical science and rational.
USES OF SOCIOLOGY
The following are some benefits ofstudying sociologi as expressed by Dr. Basrowi, M.S.:
- Sociology can provide knowlarge about patterns of social interactions in the society.
- Sociology can help us to control our actions or behavior in social life.
- Sociology can examine our status and role as a member of the society and it can help us to see another world or culture which we have never known before.
- By means of sociology, we can better understand the values,norms, traditions and beliefs which are adopted by other societies and understand the diffences.
- For us as the proceeding generations.

III. CONCEPT OF SOCIOLOGY METHODOLOGY DSAR
1. Controls basic Sociology:
a. The interaction and cooperation.
Human being have the instinct for the interaction of, to correlate or associate with the humanity of since in bearing. This interaction represent the interrelationship of between individual, individual with the group and group with group.
human being in group often club together to work along to do the work with to solve problem and claim the compromise for personal desire for the benefit of group.
b. Interdependesi.
Human being cannot live alone competently and always hinge to others to fulfill its requirement, this interdependence is became of by the individual, family, group, state come up with the international level.
c. Continuity (continuity) and the change (change).
Various mores and tradition in society always in endowing from a generation to next generation. Though there is change, that tradition and mores in continued chronically.
Individual, group and society always experience of the change, nothing that desist to proceed the. culture of society change the inclusive of also society group as according to transportation journey of effect of time political influence, economic, social, growth IPTEK etcetera.
d. Diversity, equality, dsan difference.
Ever greater a society, ever greater hence the society miscellaneous, is good the than religion facet, Ianguage, mores, education, properties, Race, tribe etcetera.
Though there is variety, but equality in society of like for example form of government and nation, caused by desire with to live to to coalesce so that there are nation integration.
Difference which is there are in society can be extant of social status difference, role, rights and obligations.
e. Conflict and consensus.
Life go into society often yield the emulation and conflict of effect of the limited source - resource, target collision, assess and importance, good have the character of the individual, between individual individually, individual with the group, and group with the group.
Consensus can avoid and overcome the conflict of because intertwined by a cooperation uphold the life order go into society in the form of dialogued, discussion, consultation, is helping each other and sacrifice for the shake of for the sake of public.
f. Evolution and adaptation.
Evolution is change that goes on tardyly and within very old, so that often people do not realize the existence of that change process.
In course of evolution happened by the process of adaptation or adjustment to way of previous newly have never in applied by a society experienced of evolution.
g. Pattern.
That is a pattern, model or same form, what is in imitating and always in repeating, from the beginning people walk, later then change the appliance of bicycle transportation, motorbike and buy the car, in line with make-up of production. Other dissimilar society member tend to imitate the attitude that way,is so that formed " Pattern ".
h. Where (location)
Every dead object and also mortal of both for moving and also silent, requiring place space. Every experienced event, social event, history event, do not is only happened during but also at certain space.
i. Power / authority.
Power is ability make the others conduct something with in desiring.
Authority otority in relying on respect and compliance which is passing to someone of because they hold a formal occupation, and they are confessing to own the personal ability quality and in did of duty.
j. The value and trust.
Value is a good, what wish in owning, in reaching for and reaching somebody of pursuant to consideration of heart people and have the character of universal.
Belief generally in accepted off hand by a society and in assuming correctness without through erudite verification.

k. Justice and equity.
Justice is tired by circumstance because one who give the rights to rightful claimant get it.
Generalization is tired by circumstance because existing source earn in using and in exploiting people of a lot of and result of from that source earn in enjoying people of a lot of.
l. For the result.
Deforestation result the erosion. Erosion result the floods. Floods bring the damage and spreading of disease germ. Disease germ cause the disease epidemic and so on.

2. Sociological research methodology
Benefits of research methodology:
• To compile reports / scientific papers
• Knowing the importance of research.
• To assess the research results.
Various kinds of methodologies:
1) Qualitative methods:
the method used when data obtained in the field can not be expressed in terms of number or size must be exact.
Various kinds of Qualitative Method:
~ Historical Method.
~ Comparative Method.
~ Method A case study.
~ Method functionalist.
2) Quantitative Methods:
Prioritizing information materials based on inexact data.
Kinds of quantitative methods:
~ Methods of Statistics.
~ Sosimetri.

IV. COMMUNITY SOCIAL REALITY
1. Family, as the smallest social unit in society.
Family characteristic:
a. Consist of people who come together because the bonds of marriage, blood or adoption.
b. Lives together in one house, forming households.
c. unity of the people who interact and communicate to each other according to their respective our role.
d. To prevent one culture together.
Family Function:
a. reproduction function.
b. economy function.
c. educative function.
d. socialization function.

2. Kinship.
Is a social entity whose members have darh relationship or descent.
Kind of kinship:
a.bilateral: outline that kinship group members is determined by lineage father and mother together.
b.unilateral: outline that kinship group members hold only 1 lineage.
3. Association / Association:
Is a social unity based on common interests.
4. Neighborhood:
Social unity which is made up of people who lived near the place.
5. Friendship / friends:
Is a social group that involves the people related to relatively familiar.
6. Rivals and opponents / enemies:
 Competition: the people involved in the struggle for a limited number of things without confrontation or conflict or dropped another business.
 Opponent / enemy: the people who were involved in a conflict with another business dropped.
7. Community
Understanding the community:
 Ralph Linton: society is a group of people who have lived long enough and work together, so that they can mengoraganisasi himself as a unity with certain limits.
8. Ethnic groups:
According Koentjaraningrat, ethnicity is a group of men associated by the unity of consciousness and cultural identity, while the consciousness and identity is often strengthened by the unity of the nation.
9. International bodies
Is a member-organization of nations
V. SOCIAL PROBLEMS:
1. Poverty: a situation when someone is not able to maintain themselves.
2. Crimes: action contrary to the law
3. Disorganization family: a family fractured family's inability to meet its social message.

EXERCISE

Exercise 1
Form group of 3-4 student, then find in newspaper, magazines, or internet some data concering social phenomena happening in Indonesia. After that, write a report or a portfolio and discuss the result in front of the class.

Exercise 2
1. An understanding that refers to something, such as an object, condition, or movement is called a …..
2. A concept which is used in daily life in included in a ………………. Concept.
3. Sociology comes from the word socius and logos, socius in sociology means …………….
4. The figure who named the stuciety of sociologyin the 19th century was ……………..
5. One important thing in sociology is the presence of ………………
6. The object of study of sociology is ………………
7. The meaning of the term social in social science is ……………
8. The scientist who stated that the formulas used to study physical sciences could also be used to studi social sciences was ………………….
9. Socilogy is a sciences which is an improvement of the principles of older theories, this means that sociology is ………………….
10. The one below which included in social problem happening in society is ………………

Chapter 2
VALUES AND NORMS

A. INTRODUCTION
In social life, people are controlled by various rules which are called values and norms. The rules are created to make people’s life orderly. Both values and norms are aimed to prevent human as individuals from behaving arbitrarily, or to get them to respect and appreciate their own rights as well as others. In this discussion n, we will talk about various values and norms which apply in the life of our society.

B. SOCIAL VALUES
1. Definition of social values
Have you ever gone to a place where you see a very beautiful scenery? Or have you ever felt deeply sorry for having done something indecent? If the answer yes, it means you posses a life standard which is often called value.
In everyday life, value is frequently understood as the worth of something, mark of intelligence ,potency, or other features which very important or useful for man kind. Value is also frequently defined as something good, something idealized and regarded as important by the society. According to a sociologist, theodorson, value is an abstract thing that is used as a general guide line and principle of conduct and behaviour. Besides, he states that the bond between an individual or a group and a value is very strong, even emotional. Therefore, a value may be viewed as a principle of conduct and a goal of life itself.
Values emerge because of people’s need for something which is garded as correct, proper, which they can use as a life principle. On closer observation, we will see that values are not expectation but requirements that we have to meet. For example when we sing in our room, we think it’s entertaining, but to others it may be annoying because it disturb their rest. Ti deepen our understanding, let us study the definition of social value proposed by some sociologist below.

a. Kimbal Young states that social values are abstract and sometimes subconsionus assumptions about what is right and what is important.
b. Green says that social values are relative and emotional awarnes of object, ideas, or individuals.
c. Woods asserts that social values are general directions which have existed for a long time, which direct behaviour and satisfaction in everyday live.
d. Koentjaningrat states that social values are concepts or ideas which exist in the minds of most individual members of a society concering things which are considered good and valuable.
e. Robert M.Z. Lawang states that social values are illustration of what is expected, proper, and worthy, which will affect the social behaviour of the people possessing the values.

Social values are abstract. If the attidues and feeling about the social values are seen as system, it is called a system of social values. Besides, according to Kluckhon, a social value develops from five bases as follows.
1. nature of human life. Some people consider life is bad, some others think life is good, but if it is bad people try to make it good.
2. nature of man’s work. For example some people consider that they work to earn a living. Obtain a position, honour, and so on.
3. the nature of relationship between man and the dimensions of space and time. For instance people may be orientated to the past, the present or the future.
4. the nature of relationship between man and the surrounding nature. For example, some people think they have to submit to nature, some want to control it, some others attempt to maintain harmony with nature.
5. the nature of relationship between man and fellow beings. For instance, some orientate themselves vertically, they feel dependent on prominent figures, their superiors or high rank people, and some other orientate themselves horizomtaly they feel dependent on their humans, so they tend to give manual help.

Based on the above description, we can conclude that social values are appreciations given by the society to everything that is good, important, noble, appropriate, and has functional benefit for common life development and beneficience.

2. Types Of Social Norms
according to prof. Dr. Notonagoro, values can be divided into three types as follows.

a. material value, that is any object which is useful for people.
b. Vital value, that is anything which is useful for people in order to live and do activities.
c. Spiritual value, that is anything which is useful for people’s spirit. Spiritual value is further divided into four types as fellows.
1. value of truth which stems from humans mind
2. asethic value which is based on man’s feelings.
3. moral value that stems from man’s will.
4. religius value that is based on religius teachings.

3. Characteristic Of Social Norms
according to D.A. Wila huky, social values have the following characteristic.
a. social values are construct that develop from interactions among members of the society. The values are created socialy, not biological or by brith.
b. Social values are transferred. The values that make up a system of values are transferred from one group to another within a society by means of farious social processes. And from a society and culture to another by means of acculturation, diffusion, and so on.
c. Values are learned. Values are acquired and not inborn. The process of learning and obtaining values begin from childhood through socialization in the family.
d. Values satisfy humans need and take part in efforts to meet social needs. Values which have been agreed upon and accepted socially become a basis of actions and attitudes. For individuals, groups , and the society as a whole. Values also help people to function property. Without a system of values, a society will be chaotic therefore, a system of social values is considered important by a society, especially for maintaining common prosperity and social satisfaction.
e. Values are abstract assumptions in which there is social concensus concerningthe relative values of object in the society. Conceptually social values are abstraction of elements of values object in society.
f. Value tend to interconnect with one another communally in order to form patterns and system of values in the society. If there is no integral harmony of social values, social problem may arise.
g. Systems of social values differ from one culture to another, in accordance with the appraisal of certain activities in the society shown by each culture.
h. Social values always provide choices of the values systems available in accordance with the level of urgency.
i. Each social values gives a dis tinic effect to individuals and the whole of society.
j. Social values may involve emotion or feelings.
k. Social values may affect individual development in the society, either positively or negatively.

4. Functions Of Social Values
according to D.A. Wila Huky , social values have the following general functions.

a. values contribute a set of tools that is ready to determine the social value of individuals and groups. Values allow stratification of the whole society. They help individuals to know his\her position among other individuals in a given circle.
b. The ideal mind and conduct in some societies are directed or constructed by values. This is because members of society are always able to see the best way of thinking and conduct and influences them to a great extend.
c. Values are the last determinter of people to perform their social roles. They create interest and give spirit to people to realize what is expected of their roles for archiving the goals of the society.
d. Values can function as a means of control with a certain pressure and binding force. They encourage, direct, and sometimes press people to do goodness. Values make people to do goodness. Values make people who deviate from them feel torturingly guilty.
e. Values can function as a medium of solidarity among members of a group and society.

C. SOCIAL NORMS
1. Definition of social norms
in social life, values and norms are not easily separable. This is because norms in social life develop from values. While values are still in the form of feelings or ideas, norms are more abstract. So what is a norm?
according to Alvin L. Bertnand, norms are defined as standards of behaviour that exist in all societies. He also states that norms are a part of non material culture, norms present idealized conceptions of behaviour.
Each norm developed in the life of a society acts as a blinder that makes people know what is good to do and what is to be avoided. Norms are developed to keep the society peaceful, secure, and stable. If we break a norm that applies in our society, we will certainly get a punishment. For instance, a student who comes to school late is not allowed to enter a classroom.
Another definition of norms is rules apply in the society which govern people’s behaviour in order to create peacefulness and order. If we look at it more closely, we will see that basically norms consist of two things below.

a. order which oblige all members of society to do them. This is because norms are considered as something good.
b. Prohibitions that oblige all members of society not to perform any conduct which breaks existing norms. The prohibitions aim to prevent people from the bad consequence of their misconduct.

Besides the above two things, there is still another term that is often associated with norms, that is manners. Manners means politieness that accepted in the interaction among individuals. Manners is also sometimes called etiquette.

2. TYPES OF SOCIAL NORMS
We had better classify norms into several types as follows.
A. Based on the sanctions or binding force, norms are divided into the following types.
1) Usage
Usage is a type of norms that is the weakest compared to all other types of norms. This norm is mostly applicable in the interaction among individuals in the society. If an individual breaks this norm, he/she will only receive a very light sanction, such as a ridicule or criticism.
2) Folkways
Folkways are actions which are done repeatedly in the same form.. Folkways develop from repeated conducts and the people approve of and like the conducts. For example, a guest who comes for a visit should knock at the door.
3) Mores
Mores are habits that have developed into norms which govern all conducts. This norm has coercive power to make someone do or not do something. If we break this kind of norm, we will get a punishment in the form of obligation.
4) Customs
Custumary norms are rules of conduct or the customs of doing thing based on cultural traditions. Breaking these norms will result in mockery, slanderous gossips, even isolation by the society.
B. Based on the source social norms are divided into several types as follows.
1) Religious norms
Religious norms are rules of life that come from God. Religious norms are universal in nature, in that they apply to people all over the world provided that the religion professed is the same. For example, it is prohibited to steal lie, and hurt others.
2) Decency Norms
Decency norms are rules of life that are used to differentiate between what is good and what is bad. A breach of these norms is considered wrong or evil, and the offender will be mocked or teased. For example, a chiled that disrespects the parents may be indirectly teased for being indecent.
3) Legal Norms
Legal norms are written laws that are made officially by state institutions in order to govern people’s life in the society, state and government affairs. Breaching these norms will cause the offender to face physical and/or non-physical punishments. For instance, someone who commits a crime will be imprisoned.
4) Customary Norms
Customary norms are rules of conduct or the customs of doing things based on cultural traditions. Breaking these norms will result in mockery, slanderous gossips, even isolation by the society.
5) Norms of Politeness
Politeness norms are rules of conduct that result from social interaction among members of a society and concern with what is considered good, appropriate, and right to govern social life. For example the prohibition to talk rudely. Offending these norms will result in social sanctions, such as isolation, mockery and ridicule.

EXERCISE

1. What is the definition of social values?
2. What is meant by system of social values?
3. What are the characteristic of social values?
4. What are the general functions of social values?
5. What is the meaning of social norms?
6. What is meant by religious norms?
7. Why are legal norms regarded as having the strongest sanctions of all norms?
8. What is the definition of custom?
9. Write down at least 5 examples of politeness norms?
10. What is the definitionof etiquette?

CHAPTER III
PROCESS AS SOCIAL INTERACTION
BASIC DEVELOPMENT PATTERN order and
DYNAMICS OF SOCIAL LIFE

I. SOCIAL INTERACTION
a. Understanding Social Interactions
Humans as social beings is never separated from the influence of social environment. Kinds of social action by man :
1. Instrumental social action (Zwerk Rational)
2. Value-oriented social action (Rational Werk)
3. Action affection (affectual Action)
4. Traditional action (traditional Action)
b. Social interaction patterns
1. Individuals with individual
2. Individuals with a group
3. Group by group
c. The characteristics of social interaction
1. Number of players more than one person
2. The existence of communication between actors by using symbols, symbols.
3. The presence of time dimension
4. The existence of objectives to be achieved
d. Driving factors of social interaction
1. Imitation
Is the process of learning how to imitate a person with
2. Suggestion
Is a way of giving a view or influence by others seseorng certain way, so that he will follow the views or influence without thinking.
3. Identification
Is a tendency or desire in people to be equal with others.
4. Sympathy
Is the attraction that comes from yourself someone who makes him feel as though different in others.
e. Terms of social interaction
1. Social contacts
Is a social relationship between one individual with another individual.
2. Communication
Is the process of delivery from one to another person who is directly or through the tool for others to provide feedback or specific action.
a) Associative processes
Social interaction with the process of associative meaning is positive.
1) Cooperation (cooperation)
Is a joint effort between the individual or group to achieve common goals.
• Bargaining,
• Cooptation
• Kalition
• Joint vanture
2) Accommodation
Is the process of adjustment between the individual and between individuals or groups with the intention to reduce or overcome the tension and chaos. Of accommodation :
• Coercion (Coercion)
• Arbitration (Arbitrage)
• Compromise (Comprimuse)
• Mediation (Mediation)
• Conciliation (Conciliation)
• Tolerance (tolerance)
• Staleman (stalemate)
• Adjudication (Adjudication)
The results of accommodation :
• suppress opposition
• position
• pave the way towards the assimilation
3) Assimilation
Is a social process that characterized the effort to reduce differences between groups and efforts to equate the unity attitude, mentality and goals to achieve common goals.
Factors that support the assimilation :
• tolerance of different cultures
• equal opportunity in the economic field
• attitude of respect towards foreigners and kebudayaanya
Factors that inhibit :
• geographical location closed (isolated)
• lack of knowledge about other cultures
• fear of other cultures
4) Acculturation
Is the process of receiving and processing the elements of foreign culture to be part of the culture of a group without losing the personality of indigenous culture
b) Process dissosiatif
The process under conditions of conflict.
1) Competition (competition)
Is a social process when the two parties vying with each other and do something to achieve a certain victory.
2) Kontravensi
Is a form of social processes that differ between competition and conflict / conflict. Kontravensi forms :
• General
• Is simple
• Intensive
• Confidential
• Tactical
3) Conflict (conflict)
Is a social process between individuals or specific groups marked by removing or destroying the opponent.
Factors causing :
• Individual differences
• Cultural background difference
• Differences economic interests, political and social
• Change the value of quick and sudden
Special form of conflict :
• Personal Conflict
• Political Conflict
• Racial conflict
The consequences of conflict :
• Positive result
• Negative result

EXERCISE
EXERCISE 1
1. The factors which influence the process of social interaction is .......................,........................,.......................,.............................
2. The forms of social interactions in the society is ...............................,..............................,...................,...................
3. The basic elements that constitute a social association is .....................................,................................................................
4. Values in social interactions play a role as ................................,................................,....................................
5. 3 examples of acomodation are
.....................................,........................................,......................
6. 2 negative effects an imitation .................................................,..................................................
7. A social interaction will not happen if the requirements are not met, ...................................,...................................................................
8. 3 examples of the traditional action are ..................................,.................................,...................................
9. 2 examples of the acculturation ................................................................,.......................................
10. 5 effects of the competition ...............,.................,.........................,..........................,...................

EXERCISE 1
1. What is the meaning of social action?
2. What is the purpose of someone’s doing in the social action?
3. What is definition of social interaction?
4. What is the meaning of social relation?
5. What is a social role?
6. What are the requirements for a social interaction to take place?
7. What is the process of social conflict happen?
8. Why can be a social conflict happened?
9. What are the general types of contraventions?
10. How does an accomodation process happen? Describe your answer using a scheme!
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